Womens Brain Essay - 1191 Words

Womens Brain Women have smaller brains than that of their male counterpart. Since the ability to think is partly determined by the size of the brain it is obvious to an accurate researcher if I were to ignore the differences between the male and female brain. The question to be posed is, with the knowledge of the function of the human brain, can a scientist accurately determine if the differences in the way males and females perform various tasks is a biological phenomena, or rather as a result of social persuasion? All kinds of research have shown that the bigger the brain, generally, the smarter the animal. (1) However, as Emily Dickinson might agree, it is not the size of the brain that counts, but rather what is contained within†¦show more content†¦If this is an accurate conclusion, the question still remains, why are men more inclined to perform better on spatial, intuitive, nonverbal tasks, such as mathematics, while woman tend to excel at verbal, sorting, detail-oriented tasks su ch as English? (4) Some scientists believe that the answer to this question lies in the evolutionary development of the brain. Over the last couple of decades, proponents of evolutionary psychology have been piecing together a case that the mind is naturally sexed. Our male and female forebears faced different evolutionary pressures in their struggle to survive and reproduce in the Pleistocene grasslands, and as a result they have different mental aptitudes and even differently organized brains. (5) This would suggest that since men were the ones that hunted they are better equipped to analyze spatial-oriented tasks. At first this appears a logical conclusion. In order to hunt for food the male would have to be aware of how far the prey is. However, I have to question, if humans are simply animals, then why can this logical not be applied to all animals? In the jungle the lioness is the one that hunts, not the lion. Yet, although the lioness is the provider, and is capable of defend ing herself, since they travel in packs, the lion is considered the King of the jungle. I believe that it would be viewed as preposterous to suggest that we wouldShow MoreRelated10 Big Differences Between Mens and Womens Brains2902 Words   |  12 Pages10 Big Differences Between Men’s and Women’s Brains The differences between women and men are not only well-documented, but frequently at the heart of jokes, anecdotes, and good-natured (and not so good-natured) ribbing. Experts have discovered that there are actually differences in the way women’s and men’s brains are structured and in the way they react to events and stimuli. So the next time your wife, boyfriend, or parent starts telling you how you should have done something differently, thenRead More Comparing the Intelligence of Women in Shelleys Frankenstein and Goulds Womens Brains1193 Words   |  5 PagesIntelligence of Women in Shelleys Frankenstein and Goulds Womens Brains      Ã‚   Throughout history, women have always aimed for a recognized place in society. Centuries ago, people looked at the role of women in society as being sociologically inferior. Seeing the revival of the Feminist movement, which boldly opposes the stereotypical characteristics of women in society, on one hand, and promotes the elevation of womens status in society, on the other, one would not find it hard toRead MoreMen, Women: Maybe We Are Different Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is also the possibility that the way the brain works differently for both genders plays a significant role. If the brain causes men and women to think differently it could cause men and women to have different priorities and excel at different skills. Therefore, I am intrigued with the question, are the male and female brain dissimilar? This is important to understand, because our brain is what controls us as humans. Understanding how the brain works for males and females will help us furt herRead MoreIntroduction. Growing Up With A Brother Only A Year Older1324 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch on brain development differences in males and female I have found that there is a difference in how males and female’s brains develop. I found report stating the men’s brains do not become fully developed until the age of 25, but women’s brains are full developed by the age of 21(Zaidi, 2010). This means that women’s brains develop at a quicker rate, which could mean that as children females brains are more developed helping them learn quicker than males. The part of the brain that processesRead MoreSex, Love and Conversation1102 Words   |  4 Pageshusband was quick to acknowledge that she was truly the talker in the family. The husband then went on to say that his wife was the one who would talk all the time at home keeping conversations going throughout the evening. Tannen also describes how a women’s conversational habits are just frustra ting to men, in comfortable surroundings, women overlap each other, finish each others sentences, and anticipate what the other is going to say. Men feel this behavior is an interruption, intrusion, and lackRead More Love in the Brain Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Brain Does brain equal behavior? Some people have argued that they have difficulty saying it does because they find it hard to believe that our individual, tangible brain controls emotions that many consider to be intangible, such as being in love. This paper will discuss the role that the brain actually plays in love- why we are attracted to certain people, why we feel the way we do when we are around them, and whether or not this is enough to say that in the case of love, brain doesRead MoreThe Intensity Of Ventral And Dorsal Streams921 Words   |  4 PagesWhen someone looks at a picture, feedforward circuit conveys information to trigger lower visual region, which is V1, and then travels to higher visual regions through the dorsal and ventral streams. The brain areas are activated not at the same time, but instead it spreads out from V1. The velocity of ventral and dorsal streams is different; the dorsal stream is much faster. Feedforward is involved in pre-attentive and preconsc ious vision, whereas recurrent connection is involved in attentive andRead MoreEssay on The Science of the Sexes858 Words   |  4 Pagespublications of the latest in a growing body of research demonstrate that our brains are different too and fuel the fear that science may provide an antidote to demands for womens emancipation: if male dominance is all the natures fault, then patriarchy is inevitable. Feminist can, however, breathe a sign of relief at the new findings, which provide the first evidence from measurements of electrical activity that the brain of a woman can work faster than that of a man. Manfred Fahle, of the UniversityRead More Multiple Sclerosis Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesMS sufferers. (2) MS usually strikes young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. (8) There are even some cases of MS being diagnosed in childhood. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the central nervous system, attacking the brain and the spinal cord. MS attacks myelin, the fatty material that acts as a protective coating to the bodys nerves. (1) The inflammation of the nerve tissues covering the nerves can affect any part of the nervous system and varies from person to personRead MoreLoneliness And Self Hatred, By Abraham J. Twerski924 Words   |  4 Pagesflight is often associated with shock that sends adrenaline rushing through the body. Fight or flight is controlled by the amygdala, sometimes referred to as our animal brain. It is our instinct when we are put into life-threatening situations to prepare our bodies for fighting or running. Our cortex is the forefront of our brain that helps us reason and logically think through situations before acting emotionally. When startled or shocked we are logically able to think through it quickly due to

The Renaissance Era Was A Prosperous Time For Art From

The Renaissance era was a prosperous time for art from the 15th century to 17th century. Europe had reached the end of the middle ages. The middle age is often defined by characteristics such as martial order and absolute hierarchy. European countries did not thrive in terms of technology nor have any advancements in terms of the economy either. The Renaissance period which came after the middle age completely contrasts its preceding era. A new philosophy that later on came to be known as ‘humanism’ was rising. It is therefore necessary to discuss humanism and associated changes to the European society of the 15th century in order to examine the cause of such a unified movement towards the regaining of artistic significance in Europe. In†¦show more content†¦In consideration of the middle age, the general populace did not have the luxury of searching for new heights in the field of art. The greatest obstacle that the community faced were the outbreak of disease and war. This resulted in the complete and utter lack of â€Å"social mobility†, that is said to have exerted with success during the Renaissance era. Without social interaction, artists would not have had the chance to fully commit towards art. Therefore, it is not the simple fact that patrons had supplied artists with commissions and resources, but the fact that they had established an environment that cultivated and encouraged artists to bloom their potential. Art of the Renaissance period is defined by the unique expression of an individual and their respective artistic features such as posture and emotion. There was a lot of experimental attempts with new forms and traditional forms of medium. Such an example is the engraving technique that was widely regarded to be confined by the size of the printing frame and the type of burins. However, artists from the Renaissance period experimented with this medium by joining two printing metal plates together to produce a larger piece of work as well as experiment by using more than one type of burin to carve out a metal plate at a time in order to present different types of lines onto theShow MoreRelatedThe Baroque And The Renaissance Period947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Art period went through many different transitional phases to become what it is now, but the most famous of these phases are the Baroque and the Renaissance period. During the Renaissance saw the appearance of the â€Å"rebirth† of its country. the painters use realistic portrayals of nature and the human figure by artists that were inspired by the ancient Greek and Roman art and culture. However, during the Baroque creative phase,the artwork that seemed to be unrealistic, clear and produced manyRead MoreThe Renaissance Was A Period Of The Art And Learning Styles Based On Greco Roman Inspiration975 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance was a period of the â€Å"rebirth† of the art and learning styles based on Greco-Roman insp iration. These ideas had been lost in Europe due to the Dark Ages. The Renaissance began in the 1300s, and it reached its crowning point during the 1500s. During this time, trading was thriving, and this allowed for innovative ideas to spread. Trade routes from the Middle East and far East brought mathematical and scientific advancements to Europe. The profits from trade allowed prosperous merchantsRead MoreA Summary On A Time Travelers Guide1132 Words   |  5 PagesMay 2016 A Time-Travelers Guide Fast-forward to the year 2120 and you re the number one scientist in the world developing cutting-edge technology in the fields of genetics as well as time and space travel. Everyone has doubted your efforts up to this point but you know that today will be the day. You re hoping that the plugs and wires will line up just right and when the clock strikes 12:00 AM you ll be on your way to having a glance into the rich history of the Renaissance era dating back 600Read MoreComparison of Renaissance and Middle Ages1174 Words   |  5 PagesComparisons of middle Ages and renaissance Introduction Middle Ages were the most devastated and dark periods that Europeans had ever experienced. These periods were worse after one another. These episodes Europeans had lack of fortunes, educations, had worse economies and unfair rulers who were corrupted and neglected their responsibilities to their people. People were suffering by unrecognizable diseases, unchangeable seasons and unsolvable conflicts. People were also not optimisticRead MoreThe Rebirth Of Ancient Cultures1462 Words   |  6 PagesRebirth of Ancient Cultures in Renaissance Florence Florence, Italy is known as the â€Å"cradle of the Renaissance† (la culla del Rinascimento). It is a city full of beautiful architecture, art, and history. The Renaissance was a powerful cultural movement that not only shaped all aspects of Florentine life, but eventually the rest of Europe. Science, art, literature, philosophy, religion, architecture, and politics have seen heavy influences by this movement. The term Renaissance literally means â€Å"rebirth†:Read MoreRenaissance In Europe851 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance was a period of enlightenment influenced by classicalism, the rediscovery of greco-roman arts. It is considered the bridge between the Dark Ages and the Modern era. The movement originated in Italy, the country that would eventually become the focal point for the rebirth of Europe. Although Italy is attributed with creation of the Renaissance, its success was simply a result of its relationship with the Islamic world. The Islamic world enabl ed Europe’s transition from the MedievalRead MoreWhy Do Artists Use Greco-Roman Ideals in Their Works of Art?1135 Words   |  5 PagesArt History 2 6 May, 2012 Why Do Artists Use Greco-Roman Ideals in their Works of Art? The term â€Å"history repeats itself† usually implys a negative connotation, but that was not the case in European art during the Italian Renaissance and the French Revolution. These were times when Italy and France were attempting to reinvent themselves after numerous centuries of stagnant oppression. During the Renaissance, Italians strived to surpass the intellect of the Greek, while in the French RevolutionRead MoreAn Analysis of Titians Painting Venus with a Mirror1033 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Venus With A Mirror was done by Italian master Titian (oil on canvas) in 1555. Currently Venus With A Mirror is in the National Gallery of Art in the Andrew W. Mellon Collection. The painting is 124.5 x 105.5 centimeters (49 x 41 x 9/16 inches). Titian Biography and Background The Italian master was born in 1477 in Pieve di Cadore, Italy and died August 27, 1576, in Venice, Italy. According to the Encyclopedia of World Biography (EWB) he was either born in 1477 or in 1488 (bothRead MoreThe Beginning of Jazz and the Effects Early Jazz Had in the 1920s860 Words   |  4 PagesJazz could be what describes America to a â€Å"T† in the 1920s. It was very popular throughout the entire decade of the 1920s. This era was called â€Å"The Jazz Age†, which was a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald (Campbell 52). It not only affected music, but it also contributed to an entire cultural renaissance in Harlem, brought other cultural groups together in a time of segregation, and the lifestyle of many Americans throughout the 1920s. Jazz would be the mold for everything American in the 1920sRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance, By Gwendolyn Bennett, Walter White, And Palmer Hayden1444 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the many people who influenced the Harlem Renaiss ance that are idols to those around them, excellent at what they do, and influenced many people to believe that they could do anything they put their heart into. The Harlem Renaissance, was part of the larger New Negro cultural and intelligent movement of the 1920s, remains one of the most studied and popular periods of American and African American literary and cultural history. It was also was a period between World War I and the Great Depression

Health Literacy Is Defined As The “The Capacity To Obtain,

Health literacy is defined as the â€Å"the capacity to obtain, communicate, process, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decisions† (Koh et al., 2012, p. 1). When a patient has poor health literacy, they are more likely to have a poor outcome in regards to their health. There are bills and initiatives that address the need for patients to increase their health literacy as well as the healthcare providers’ responsibilities to provide the information in a way that is understandable and actionable. As future nurses, we must also understand how health literacy will impact our practice and how we can help those with low health literacy. In 2010 the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was†¦show more content†¦Understandable is how easy the information is understood and actionable means the healthcare consumer can identify what actions they need to take. This test is valid for both printed and audiovisual materials. By using this test, a healthcare professional can identify material that is appropriate to use based on the understandability and actionability of the material (Shoemaker, Wolf, Brach, 2014) In 2010 the ACA was passed, it established a Hospital Readmission Reduction Program. What this program did was to penalize hospitals if a patient gets readmitted for the same condition within 30 days of being discharged. Readmissions are significant because they account for approximately one-third of the nation’s health costs. When hospitals use a patient-centered discharge process, the patients are then able to reconcile their medications, follow-up with community-based providers, and self-manage their diseases and treatments. The patient-centered discharge process helps to reduce hospital readmissions. (Cloonan, Wood, Riley, 2013) By properly educating the patient before discharge it reduces the risk of the patient getting readmitted. Discharging a patient without proper education can result in the patient improperly discontinuing their medication or failing to follow-up with their primary care provider. When we are communicating with patients, we must use clear and basic language and understand that the patient may not be health literate. By using specificShow MoreRelatedHealth Literacy Is Considered A Motivating Factor Behind Wellness And The Absence Of Disease1531 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Health Literacy resides beneath the umbrella of social determinants; aptitude in this form of literacy is a determinant of wellbeing, and influences vulnerabilities and capacities towards disease formation and prevention (Reading Wien, 2009). Health literacy is considered a motivating factor behind wellness and the absence of disease but also for appropriate management with regard to chronic disease with maximisation of outcomes directly attributing to health literacy capacity. HistoricallyRead MoreHealth Literacy Impact On National Healthcare Utilization1746 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Literacy Impact on National Healthcare Utilization Background: Health literacy presents a huge challenge in the delivery of effective healthcare and quality outcomes. We evaluated association between low health literacy and healthcare utilization. Methods: Database analysis utilized Medical Expenditure Panel Survey(MEPS) from 2005-2008 which provides national representative estimates of healthcare utilization and expeniture. Health literacy scores were calculated based on a validated predictiveRead MoreEssay on Impact of Health Literacy on Health1193 Words   |  5 Pages Health literacy is defined as The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions (Michael K. Paasche-Orlow, 2010), the word Health literacy first appeared in 1974 in a paper which calls for â€Å"education standards for all grade school levels in USA† (Carolyn Speros, 2004) . Some recent works suggest that there is a relation between literacy, low health and premature deaths (ChristinaRead MoreFactors Affecting Health Literacy Rates Within Cayce Homes998 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature will assess organizations influencing health literacy within Cayce Homes in Nashville, and then a new intervention will be proposed to fill the gaps that currently exist. Unfortunately, actual health literacy rates within Cayce Homes have not been measured, so assumptions made about Cayce’s health literacy status are based off demographic trends. First of all, higher levels of education are linked to higher health literacy (US Department of Health, 2013). Residents of Cayce Homes are zoned toRead MoreLiteracy Skills And Development Of Literacy Training Programs907 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Literacy Many individuals in the United States are struggling with reading, writing, and comprehension. This is not only necessary for daily life in today’s world, but imperative on the healthcare front. â€Å"Health literacy continues to be a major problem despite public and private efforts at all levels to address the issue through testing of literacy skills and development of literacy training programs† (Bastable, 2014, p. 256). â€Å"By focusing on health literacy issues and working togetherRead MoreHealth Literacy And Medical Adherence Of The Aging Population1361 Words   |  6 Pages Health Communication Barriers in Seniors: Health Literacy and Medical Adherence in the Aging Population Charrell Gary GERT 491 Eastern Michigan University â€Æ' Abstract This paper explores several articles; studies, programs and campaigns that report on results conducted both online and offline, in relation to health communication, specifically in minority populations and the aging in America. The paper also introduces subset definitions within health communication itself, and howRead MoreAppropriate Patient Education Upon Discharge From The Emergency Department Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pagesgiven to patients depending on the health professional and hospital policies. Inadequate discharge instructions can result in poor health outcomes and higher healthcare costs due to re-presentations to the hospital (Han, Barnard Chapman, 2009; McCarthy et al., 2012; Palonen, Kaunonen, Helminen, Ã…stedt-Kurki, 2015; Samuels-Kalow, Stack Porter, 2012). One of the Ministry of Health primary targets for 2015-2016 was to have shorter stays in ED (Ministry of Health, 2015). There is now consensusRead MoreThe Medical Library Association ( Mla ) And Groups O f Environmental Health1235 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Library Association (MLA) and groups of environmental health consultants to the National Library of Medicine (NLM), following a report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). In the report the IOM defined health literacy as ‘‘the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions’’ (Logan). The IOM reported that health literacy is major problem facing the nation and that even well-educatedRead MoreHealth Literacy1207 Words   |  5 PagesHealth literacy is a term not widely understood by the general population. It is defined as â€Å"the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions and services needed to prevent or treat illness,† (About health literacy, 2014). A person’s lev el of health literacy is based on their age, education level, socioeconomic standing, and cultural background. Patients with low health literacy have a moreRead MoreObesity Rates Among The United States1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe obesity rate in America has become a major national health issue over the last several decades. Increasingly alarming statistics have garnered national headlines. Current statistics place 68.5% of the U.S. population in classifications ranging from overweight to super obese. Approximately 35% of all U.S. adults currently fall under the label of obese.(Ogden, et al., 2014) Potentially more alarming is the prevalence of obesity in adolescents. U.S. youth are becoming obese at earlier and

Changes and Continuities in Commerce in the Indian Ocean free essay sample

Changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian ocean region from 650 to 1750 C. E. In the period between 650 C. E. and 1750 C. E. , the Indian Ocean region endured both change and continuity. One continuity is simply trade, for this 1,100 years the Indian ocean was an important trading zone. One change in Indian ocean trade over those years was which country dominated trade their. Over those years the Indian ocean was controlled by the Indians, the Arabs, the Chinese, and last but not least the Europeans. Their was continuity and change in trade in the Indian ocean over the aforementioned years. In the Indian ocean from 650 C. E. and 1750 C. E. there have been many continuities in commerce. One such continuity was the goods traded. For instance, spices from India and Indonesia such as black pepper were traded constantly to other countries throughout this period. Luxury products such as ebony, silk and fine textiles were also commonly traded in the Indian ocean. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes and Continuities in Commerce in the Indian Ocean or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page / Another example of continuity would be that although no one country always dominated trade in the Indian ocean the Indians and Indonesians were involved with trade to varying degrees throughout this entire time period. Weather it be threw their products being traded, receiving goods from other countries, or doing the trading themselves, they were always involved in trade. / One more example of continuity was how Indian ocean trade stayed so important over the years. Almost all major world powers did trading in the Indian ocean, Europe for instance went to great lengths to find a better trade root between the Atlantic and Indian ocean. The desire to trade in the Indian ocean region is actually what caused Europeans to discover the Americas. The Europeans were looking for a sea rout to get to Asia without going all the way around Africa, so they tried to go around the world, not knowing yet of the Americas existence. Their desire to trade urged them to explore new frontiers. There are many examples of continuity in Indian ocean commerce between 650 and 1750 C. E. In the Indian ocean from 650 C. E. and 1750 C. E. there have been many changes in commerce. One change in commerce over the years was who dominated Trade in The Indian Ocean. Over the course of this time period the Indian ocean trade was dominated by the Indians, the Chinese the Arabs and even the istant European powers. Their were also changes in what goods were traded. Some trade goods like the exotic animals taken from Africa to China that weren’t traded for longer then a few decades. The reason Ming China had imported animals was because they were in an age of exploration at the time and wanted to have some animals for their exotic royal zoo. Also sen ding great explorers like Zheng He showed their ability to travel to distant lands and take what they please. Another change was how things were traded. Over the course of the 1,100 years described many changes occurred in the world of sailing. China had many of these inventions with in it’s walls before this time period. China was so Ethnocentric . that they did not spread their inventions till generations after they were made, and even then it was often by accident The compass were great improvements on how sailors navigated to their destinations. The ships them selves also changed throughout this period. The Chinese Junks were incredible ships, vastly larger then the ones Columbus used, They were equipped with cannons to defend them selves from pirates and were, in their time the most impressive ships on the water. There are changes in commerce in the Indian ocean between 650 and 1750 C. E. Many changes and continuities and in commerce in the Indian ocean occurred between 650 and 1750 C. E. Indian ocean trade can even be related to the discovery of America. Some examples of continuities are; who was involved in trade, what was traded, who dominated trade. Examples of change are; how things were traded, the importance of trade, and what was traded. There were many changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian ocean.

How Bias Influences Critical Thinking Essay Example

How Bias Influences Critical Thinking Essay As our American society continues to evolve into a society with a better understanding and acceptance of its peoples differences, however, there are some ideologies and rules put into place that I feel there is no reason to change. For example, I feel that women should not serve on the front lines of combat and continue to operate within the combat supportive roles. As a female Army Veteran of both Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq, allowing women to have their Military Occupation Specialty be apart of the Infantry, Special Forces, Ranger, and Navy Seals, would cause not only a disruption in our relationship with our foreign allies, but also have a negative impact on unit cohesion among our multiple military services. Even though I feel women are able to do the same Job as their male counterparts, however, I have yet to see them do the best above all of them. All military branches have different standards for females and males for valid reasons which include the anatomical makeup of each gender is vastly different. Our military fighting forces would not be equipped to handle the uniqueness of eliminating those guidelines and have everyone on an even playing field. I still remain hopeful that this would not be an issue in the future, but for now, America Just is not ready. Among the many cognitive biases out there that can influence our critical thinking, there are three I identify with and admit played a significant role in my argument regarding this sensitive topic: belief bias, status quo bias, and naive realism. We will write a custom essay sample on How Bias Influences Critical Thinking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Bias Influences Critical Thinking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Bias Influences Critical Thinking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In referring to Chapter 1 of Critical Thinking from our course reading materials this first week, belief bias is defined as the tendency to evaluate seasoning by how believable its conclusion seems and can affect us consciously or unconsciously. Next, is the status quo bias which is defined as the tendency to like things to stay relatively the same (Baron 2000) and is also known as a comfort zone bias. Last, is naive realism and is categorized under to the group known as attribution biases. It is defined as the belief that we see reality as it really is objectively and without bias; that the facts are plain for all to see; that rational people will agree with us; and that those who dont are either uninformed, lazy, irrational, or biased (Wisped 2014). Unconsciously, I allow my own morals, opinions and beliefs in this case, influence my argument on why women should not serve on the front lines. References Baron, J. (2000).

Process Consultation Essays

Process Consultation Essays Process Consultation Paper Process Consultation Paper â€Å"Process Consultation is a set of activities on the part of the consultant that help the client to perceive, understand, and act upon the process events that occur in the client’s environment in order to improve the situation as defined by the client† (Schein 1988). The purposes of this essay is to examine some of the contextual factors of how group dynamics evolve and the role of a process consultant, by exploring the similarities and differences that characterize, to established and effective process consultation when working with a group or team. The systems approaches focuses attention on the relationship between a system or sub-system and its environment rather than trying to understand things automatically. It follows from this perspective that any enterprise aimed at studying group processes will be shaped by the environment in which it exists. A well design process implies that the consultant should always select the proper intervention that will be the most helpful at any given time; the consultant should be familiar with a variety of questions, exercises and other forms of intervention when working with groups, at the same time is very important that the proper feedback is given as the group evolves during such process. Group relations training creates multiple and at times conflictual role constellations. Proving an effective group dynamics process requires some of the multiple role relations that are contained within the consultant-team relationships. Studying group dynamics in the here-and-now evokes primitive dimension of unconscious life and along with it powerful emotions that are often suppressed in natural work organizations. Using as an example experiential group relations between students the efforts of introducing the Lewin’s model which was based on his observations of group dynamics and organizational development, â€Å"unfreezing-change-refreeze† the model focuses on how people can be motivated to accept organizational change and reject and replace the status quo with a new approach and the roles in organizational development by Schein based on a pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, hat has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems, these two models are introduce to explore group dynamics into the classroom. (Kurt Lewin 1996) (Edgar Shein 1988). While many of these experiments are either so cursory or sufficiently truncated in one way or another that they provide only a superficial taste of the aims of this experiential learning method, other efforts, such as those discussed in class, have succeeded in providing students with deep and intensive theoretical and experiential learning. One reason teaching group dynamics has been more successful in school settings than in other sorts of work organizations is that there is a basic congruence between the primary task of the group relations in class and that of the school: both are concerned primarily with learning. The general task congruence tells only part of the story, however, because the most dramatic and important difference between the two models stems from the differences in the primary task or tasks that each enterprise pursues. The defining characteristics of the freestanding group relations is that it can be designed and implemented with an extraordinarily sharp focus on a single primary task of providing learning opportunities. The consistent adherence to that focus provides a â€Å"work boundary† or referent against which interpretation of unconscious process can be made. The training program within the school, in contrast, does not pursue the learning task so single-mindedly, or ruthlessly, as it often seems to organization members. The purposes of the course must conform to the mission of its immediate school environment, which includes not only teaching and learning but credentialing and, in the case of a professional school, professional socialization as well. By its very nature, the embedded group relations training program is more varied and diffuse in its purposes, a fact that creates a different array of opportunities and constraints than those of the freestanding work organization. In systems theory it is axiomatic that the attempt to pursue more than one task diminishes the effectiveness with which any single task can be achieved. As resources-emotional, intellectual, financial, and material-are deployed against multiple tasks, fewer are available for each. Additional resources are required to manage the inevitable conflicts and strains that emerge in the effort to contain multiple aims. Understanding differences between the traditional modelled and the program embedded in the school environment requires an appreciation of this fact. Differences in design choices-in the extent to which the more primitive aspects of group and unconscious constrains imposed on the enterprise-all flow from this essential difference, which can be understood in terms of the different environments accomplish the task through balancing protection and vulnerability takes on a different character in each context. The role of grading might be an instructive example. An important part of the school’s mission is to export students’ reason for matriculating. Organizations in the school’s immediate environment that hire students often make decisions based on their performance. Grades are often used, at least on the surface, as a means of differentiating students according to performance. In keeping with the school’s multiple missions, professors in group dynamics must assign a grade to the students. This poses something of a dilemma: how can students are expected to challenge authority, explore persecutory anxieties, and explore their irrational processes if they are to be graded on their participation? A structural solution is used to provide the protection necessary to experiential learning. Students are not graded on the basis of the study group or even on classroom behaviour, but on the basis of assigned papers alone. From the group-as-a-whole perspective, doing this ultimately begs the question because it implies the papers are less ofâ€Å"group product† than other instances of members’ behaviour. In fact, from this conceptual vantage point, a paper represents the group’s influence as much as the roles that individuals find themselves in. For the purpose of grading, however, the whole-group focus must be relinquished, and for this part of the course the professor must work at the individual level of analysis. Thus the management school context creates a set of conditions that requires working at multiple levels of analysis. New avenues for learning are opened. To be sure, the tension between the individual and group levels mirrors an element of organizational reality that can offer important learning to students about the ambiguities and uncertainties of organizational life. Teachers and administrators must relate to both individual’s behaviour represents his or her group, and they must develop ways of handling the tensions. The added complexity of the credentialing process has costs in terms of depth of inquiry into the group as an entity. Important data and experience from the group as a whole gets channelled into a connection between student and professor. Sometimes students use the movement between levels of analysis defensively by lodging their capacity for inquiry and self reflection largely in the papers and avoiding the exposure of bringing in into the experiential sessions. At the same time, establishing an individual level relationship creates learning opportunities that are precluded when working solely on the group-as-a-whole level. Students are able to refine their capacity to work conceptually, to work on linking experience and theory, and to deepen their capacities to formulate hypotheses through their based relationship to the professor (which typically develops through the papers). Managing the movement between different levels of analysis and working to prevent defensively motivated oscillations between levels are challenges to students and teachers alike. The context creates a need for teachers of these courses to develop and refine this skill. To be sure, the contextual environment intrudes into the school-based group training program as well. These self-study groups serve equally as social holograms, bringing in all of the salient group, institutional, and intergroup relationships that are represented by the group membership of students. But in this model, the self-study group’s experience is mediated by a powerfully complex, interdependent, and unmanageable transactional environment- the school itself. Moving back and forth between different processes can be daunting for the group or team. For example: if we mentioned the student/ teacher relation, the tendency to confuse the differing role requirements of student/ group member and consultant /teacher is strong, and the quite different emotional textures underlying the different role relations pose important ambiguities in student-teacher relations. Students take the course for credit as well as for learning, and the consultant is in the position, at the end of the course, of evaluating students. Often group members experience interpretation as judgment and attack, leading them to create in fantasy an image of authority as punitive and critical. Interpreting those can lead to fruitful exploration of persecutory anxieties that underlie authority relations in group life. However, interpreting the image of consultants as evaluators is complicated by the close proximity of the formal evaluator role, which is filled by the same person. Question of the consultant/teacher’s capacity to keep the two roles distinguished comes sharply into view in this type of design. Will the professor be able to contain his feeling within the experiential subsystem and use them in the service of learning? Or is he likely to act out his feeling toward student in experiential groups by unconsciously downgrading the student’s thinking in the papers? If so, then it is hardly safe to explore this possibility, and an essential element of the necessary protection is covertly removed. Consultants along with the professor in the experiential sessions are expected to work with the same range of intense projections. The authority boundary between consultants and student in those groups attracts fantasies and projection and puts the teacher in the Position of having to adhere to the same sort of emotional abstinence and detachment that any group consultants must. Group relations courses posit a set of inter group relation with the other classes, faculty, and student. The transactional environment of the course is a complex and density interdependent one, comprising a wide variety of individual and groups; some groups like departments are permanent, and other, like classes area temporary. The conditions required to conduct a traditional course. To extend to which these condition can be negotiated, the course will adopt procedures. Making these choices and judgment goes against the grain of typical class enrolment procedures, and as one might expect it evokes powerful emotional; dynamic. Sometimes student feel unjustly excluded and will mobilize a network of support for their cause, which can involve other faculty, student, or administrations. The pressure brought to bear can be strong, especially for faculty members, and all of these exchanges involve not only the effort to exert interpersonal influence, but whatever intergroup relations or interdepartmental rivalries exist, these issues can serves as an irritant , or vehicles for historic tension between groups. Pressures to make alternation or special arrangement for certain students during the entry process can be great for junior faculty members when approached by senior ones. The disturbing feelings that can be evokes around this process can execute tensions between groups, especially where there are pre-existing tensions grounded in ideological, methodological, and political issues, In addition, other class exists in the transactional environment of group dynamics course that are affected by what is happening in the group dynamics course. That are subgroups of student from other course bring their shared experiences from earlier terms into the class, and subgroups of the student are also simultaneously taking other course together. I have often wondered what it means for another class to contain a small group, say four or five, students who are in the midst of such an interpersonally intense experience. While there has been almost inquiry into this, partly because of the norm of confidentiality, I am sure quite sure the reciprocal influence is great. Another part of process consultation that needs to be considered is the part of being also a coach as group dynamics take place. When coaching is applied from the process consultant, it tends to portray certain kinds of benefits that could not be seen before in the individual, skills are sharpened thus they become highly skilled individuals, through coaching areas that need development are identified thus room for improvement is created, coaching provides an avenue through which guidance can be accessed by an individual or team, coaching tends to support continual learning which is a process that should be undertaken daily by the team or individual, lastly it instils the team work spirit as well as enhances the productivity level of the team or individual. Process Consultation as a business has widely taken root; most people want to have the best when it comes to organizations, when it comes to proper learning skills and having the proper tools when working with groups. Being just skilled is not the answer but how well you tackle your client’s unique problem is the ultimate goal for each consultant in any arena.

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

No topic - Essay Example The agents put more emphasis on their commission and lay aside the homeowner’s need and target. In pursuit of just their commissions, the real estate agents opt to settle for lower prices so as they can make many sales and earn a huge commission (Sandler, Corey & Keefe 23). This is usually a disadvantage to the homeowner who is convinced, by the agent, that his house is worth that amount while, in a real sense, the house is worth more. Measures that will be beneficial to both the homeowner and agent have to be put down to end this behavior and get maximum dedication from agents. Increasing the agent’s commission is certainly one way that will bring the best out of him. He will work hard to ensure that the house is sold at the right price so as to get a higher pay. Incentives have proved to work, and if used properly, they can lead to high productivity and dedication Sandler, Corey & Keefe 78). Myths that certain baseball players perform better in clutch games than any other ordinary games have been found untrue. Players should be recognized not just for their performances in crucial games but for the effort that they put in through their careers. Big corporate managers are overpaid and overcompensated for the little that they do. While the shareholders continue to suffer losses due to the poor work done by these managers, they continue to receive significant amounts as compensation at the expense of the shareholders. A system, which only allows performing managers to be paid according to the work they do and the amounts of profit that they are able to wheel in, should be put in place. Nobody should take advantage of another or harvest where they did not plant. Each working individual should receive no more or no less of what they really deserve. Compensation, recognition and all sorts of acclamation should be based on the long term performances of that particular person.